Strategic Options Available To Harley Davidson Business Essay Example For Students

Strategic Options Available To Harley Davidson Business Essay This study aims to measure the strategic options available to the Harley Davidson organisation. Harley Davidson Inc. has two operational sections, bike and funding. Harley Davidson Financial Services ( HDFS ) offers loans, rhythm insurance and protection programs to run into the demands of their proprietors, whilst the bike section designs, green goodss and markets chiefly heavyweight touring, usage and public presentation bikes. It besides manufactures bike parts and accoutrements, cogwheel and dress. The company is the lone major American manufacturer of bikes and operates globally, with gross revenues largely in North America, Europe, Asia/Pacific and Latin America. We will write a custom essay on Strategic Options Available To Harley Davidson Business specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Although in the past the company has experienced growing and continued success, attributed to its trade name trueness, in 2009 Harley Davidson ( H-D ) had to close down and consolidate mills due to the effects of the recession and the autumn of the US lodging market. Strategic options can merely be developed after the company s strategic place is known. Thus the first subdivision of the study uses tools and constructs to find H-D strategic place. In visible radiation of the company s strategic place strategic options are so formulated ; this is presented in subdivision 2. The 3rd subdivision of the study so uses the success standards model presented by Johnson, Scholes and Whittington in corporate scheme, as a footing to measure the strategic options presented and recommendations are made. Outline1 THE STRATEGIC POSITION OF HARLEY DAVIDSON INC.2 1.1 The Environment3 1.1.1 Pestle Analysis4 1 Figure 15 1asdf: asdf: :6 1.1.2 Porter s Five Forces Model7 Competition8 Menace of Substitutes9 Buyer Power10 Supplier Power11 Menace of New Entrants12 1.2 Resources Strength and Capabilities13 Organizational Resources14 Physical Resources15 Technological Resources16 Human Resources/Capital17 Innovation Resources18 Reputational Resources19 Capability20 Intentionally Incorporate Technological Resources21 Manufacturing22 Distribution23 STRATEGIC OPTIONS24 Figure 6. Strategy Development Directions THE STRATEGIC POSITION OF HARLEY DAVIDSON INC. This subdivision of the study is concerned with understanding the strategic place of Harley Davidson Inc. in an effort to explicate strategic options for the company. It first identifies the alterations that are happening in the environment and how these alterations affect H-D and its concern activities and back the resource strength and capablenesss of H-D. 1.1 The Environment In order to understand the environment which H-D operates in the undermentioned models are used with the purpose of assisting to place cardinal issues and challenges and ways of get bying with complexness and alteration. 1.1.1 Pestle Analysis In 2009 H-D stood to derive from the Economic Stimulus Package, passed into statute law by the Barack Obama Administration. The federal stimulation bundle gives taxpayers interruptions if they purchase a new auto, light truck, RV, or bike. ( Wachter 2009 ) . In add-on, Coachman industries besides a maker of leisure vehicles, and a rival of H-D was eliminated from the New York Stock Exchange. Harmonizing to the Datamonitor study: the bike industry section has had economic growing for the past three old ages, and has merely late been sing diminution. In 2007 it declined 2.3 % , yet is forecasted to retrieve 4.3 % by 2012. An economic factor in favour of H-D, despite this diminution, is that the U.S. industry generated entire grosss of $ 10.2 billion in 2007, of which 98.8 % were of bikes ( non scooters, motorbikes, etc. ) . Furthermore, within the U.S. economic system H-D holds the bulk of bike gross revenues. Therefore, even while industry growing is worsening, H-D gross revenues and other bike gross revenues are still go oning to increase. Figure 1 shows bike industry growing versus gross revenues. 1 Figure 1 1asdf: asdf: : The Motorcycly Industry Council ( MIC ) discloses that leisure merchandise industries are confronting steep diminution nevertheless the bike section though worsening, is non making so at a steep rate. Tim Buche, President of the MIC says Overall bike gross revenues were down 7.2 % , non about every bit crisp a diminution as many other consumer merchandises in today s economy/ ( Wasef 2009 ) . .u4eb6d6bbed6c5e60cb438e9922df9ef3 , .u4eb6d6bbed6c5e60cb438e9922df9ef3 .postImageUrl , .u4eb6d6bbed6c5e60cb438e9922df9ef3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4eb6d6bbed6c5e60cb438e9922df9ef3 , .u4eb6d6bbed6c5e60cb438e9922df9ef3:hover , .u4eb6d6bbed6c5e60cb438e9922df9ef3:visited , .u4eb6d6bbed6c5e60cb438e9922df9ef3:active { border:0!important; } .u4eb6d6bbed6c5e60cb438e9922df9ef3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4eb6d6bbed6c5e60cb438e9922df9ef3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4eb6d6bbed6c5e60cb438e9922df9ef3:active , .u4eb6d6bbed6c5e60cb438e9922df9ef3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4eb6d6bbed6c5e60cb438e9922df9ef3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4eb6d6bbed6c5e60cb438e9922df9ef3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4eb6d6bbed6c5e60cb438e9922df9ef3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4eb6d6bbed6c5e60cb438e9922df9ef3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4eb6d6bbed6c5e60cb438e9922df9ef3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4eb6d6bbed6c5e60cb438e9922df9ef3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4eb6d6bbed6c5e60cb438e9922df9ef3 .u4eb6d6bbed6c5e60cb438e9922df9ef3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4eb6d6bbed6c5e60cb438e9922df9ef3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Disposable diapers EssaySocially H-D has a competitory border which is owed to its client base, strong trade name trueness and demographic tendencies such as the increse in female operators. This trueness is indicated in the mean age of H-D consumers. H-D mean consumer purchasing age is 42 old ages old and increasing ( Gauvin 2005 ) . H-D aspires to increse it consumer demographics, nevertheless aˆÂ ¦although the younger coevals below 35 old ages of age has posted the largest additions in owernship, the coevals that is on the border of the babe boomer section will be the chief accelerator of growing for the industry ( Koncept 2007 ) . One societal factor that may negatively impact the sale of H-D motocycles is the stigma that has been attached to these leisure vehicles. Alot of people believe that bikes are unsafe and this belief is strengthened due to the high rate of bike human deaths and clangs. H-D stands the opportunity of get awaying this stigmatization if the public positions their motorcycles as patrol cars and non velocity motorcycles . Technologically H-D can take advantage of antilock brake systems. Antilock brakes could assist riders avoid fatal crases harmonizing to a survey done by the insurance industry. 1.1.2 Porter s Five Forces Model Competition H-D operates within the Recreational Vehicles industry along with five other major rivals: Winnebago, Polaris, Thor, Arctic Cat and Marine Products. The top performing artists within the industry and keep 92 % of the market portion by volume with a market capitalisation of 64.653 Billion of a entire Industry of 7 Billion.Other houses in different industries that are direct merchandise challengers include Honda Motor Company Limited, Yamaha Motor Co, Ltd. , and Suzuki Motor Corporation ( Appendix 1 ) . The presence of these big transnational corporations with exceptionally high assets boosts the grade of competition within the industry. Because of the little figure of stuff challengers, the market s gross is shared between fewer houses and enhances the grade of competition for bottom line net income. This competition forces most rivals to seek and diversify their concern theoretical accounts through geographical enlargement or perpendicular enlargement, taking to involvements and investings in a assortment of other sections such as the car, watercraft, industrial and agrarian equipment countries. ( Datamonitor 2004 ) . Menace of Substitutes The Recreational Vehicle industry faces menaces from the Automobile Industry, from public transit options and bikes. The menace is mostly dependent on the indispensableness of bikes and other lifestyle merchandises to the terminal user. ( Datamonitor 2008 ) . In most developed states, bikes are leisure points and are non a necessity and are hence mostly dispensable or substitutable by more practical points such as autos or more cost effectual agencies of transit such as bikes. This deficiency of necessity increases the menace of replacements and is one of the major grounds why the external market goes into diminution during economic recession. Buyer Power Overall, purchaser power is low due to sustainable competitory advantage of merchandise distinction which is impossible for other trade name rivals to fit. Supplier Power Large transnational corporations such as Harley-Davidson can have stuffs from many different international providers and face low shift costs due to minimum merchandise distinction. This presence within the international market encouragements Industry leaders power. Overall, supplier power is moderate. Menace of New Entrants Overall, this menace is moderate due to high set up costs, high trade name acknowledgment, client trueness and high research and development costs. 1.2 Resources Strength and Capabilities Organizational Resources H-D has a formal construction that works for the company: decentralized, adept squads and leading circles that value employee input. Programs they use to be after, study and track stock list and production include their Supply Management Strategy system ( SMS ) , Vibration Tech A ; PdM engineering systems, every bit good as their web-based H-D Distribution provider web that provides sellers with a wealth of information about supply and demand within the company. .uddd400e2612670d65f7abeac5e70a482 , .uddd400e2612670d65f7abeac5e70a482 .postImageUrl , .uddd400e2612670d65f7abeac5e70a482 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uddd400e2612670d65f7abeac5e70a482 , .uddd400e2612670d65f7abeac5e70a482:hover , .uddd400e2612670d65f7abeac5e70a482:visited , .uddd400e2612670d65f7abeac5e70a482:active { border:0!important; } .uddd400e2612670d65f7abeac5e70a482 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uddd400e2612670d65f7abeac5e70a482 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uddd400e2612670d65f7abeac5e70a482:active , .uddd400e2612670d65f7abeac5e70a482:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uddd400e2612670d65f7abeac5e70a482 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uddd400e2612670d65f7abeac5e70a482 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uddd400e2612670d65f7abeac5e70a482 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uddd400e2612670d65f7abeac5e70a482 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uddd400e2612670d65f7abeac5e70a482:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uddd400e2612670d65f7abeac5e70a482 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uddd400e2612670d65f7abeac5e70a482 .uddd400e2612670d65f7abeac5e70a482-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uddd400e2612670d65f7abeac5e70a482:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Peloponnesian War Strategies EssayPhysical Resources The Harley Triangle provides a footing for tracking and supervising the house s physical resources. Location and Sophistication of direction and the expertness of fabrication forces and other employees is the key in accessing natural stuffs, procurance and upkeep related to fabricating equipment. H-D workss are streamlined and well-maintained, which is a nucleus resource for H-D. Technological Resources H-D has many technological resources: including many different trade name name Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights which protect its repute and image. Human Resources/Capital Trust, Knowledge, Managerial capablenesss, every bit good as organisational civilization are H-D s most valuable human resources. The company civilization, gives H-D a major competitory advantage. Employees and providers know their input is valued and take pride in their work. Peoples involved are passionate about the trade name and this adds unseeable value to the company. Innovation Resources Employee and provider, every bit good as direction s thoughts are immense resources for H-D, as these people know the concern and cognize its possible. Since there are such a assortment of inputs, H-D s capacity to introduce and create/develop new merchandise is non capable to stagnancy or groupthink. However, H-D does seek to remain true to its niche market, and this creates some boundaries for advanced thoughts. Reputational Resources Repute with clients, trade name name, perceptual experiences of merchandise, and repute with providers are all really good to H-D s operations, and maintain clients loyal to the merchandise. Interactions and relationships are stressed at H-D in order to guarantee quality craft and reciprocally good engagement in all phases of production. Capability Intentionally Incorporate Technological Resources H-D ensures that all procedures and activities throughout its value concatenation are integrated utilizing web based SMS systems, barcodes, and studies that enable its JIT stock list flow. This allows production to flux swimmingly. Manufacturing H-D s JIT stock list pull system means that it must hold streamlined fabrication abilities. H-D does this by guaranting quality inputs into its fabrication workss, flow production methods, and well-maintained equipment. H-D fabrication workss are capable of bring forthing many different theoretical accounts and establish their stock list off of client pull demand, cut downing costs around the board every bit good as stock list finished merchandises that sit unsold in warehouses ( of which H-D has really few ) . Distribution JIT stock list direction needs good transit flow logistics. H-D has the capableness to cut down lead times and guarantee pull bringing through its private fleet of trucks and contracts with distribution providers. STRATEGIC OPTIONS The designation of possible waies physiques on an apprehension of H-D strategic place. The version of Ansoff s product/market matrix is used for placing waies for strategic development. Development waies are the strategic options available to H-D in footings of merchandises and market coverage taking into history the strategic capableness of the company and the outlook of stockholders. ( Johnson et al 2005 ) . Figure 6, the version of Ansoff s product/market matrix summarizes the strategic options available to H-D. Figure 6. Strategy Development Directions Beginning: Johnson et Al ( 2005 ) Researching Corporate Scheme H-D can take one or more of the undermentioned options: It can protect and construct on its current place. It can develop new markets for its merchandises. It H-D can besides develop new merchandises in new markets and It diversifies into new markets and develops new merchandises. These options can be pursued through different development methods which are internal development, amalgamations and acquisitions and strategic confederations. The options chosen has to turn to the cardinal issues and challenges faced by the H-D, the company must besides fulfill stakeholders outlooks but most of import H-D must hold the resources and capablenesss to develop the options chosen. In other words the option must be suited, acceptable and executable ( Johnson et al 2005 ) .

Milagro Beanfield War essays

Milagro Beanfield War essays The Milagro Beanfield War chronicles how local, traditional cultures that are deemed incompatible with modernization. This is seen in the tensions between Chicano communities in Milagro, New Mexico and the land development corporation that wants to turn the community into a resort community and golf course. When Joe Mondragon irrigates his makeshift beanfield with water diverted from a stream that "belongs" to developer Ladd Devine, the farmer/handyman becomes a catalyst that brings these The conflict theorists offer a good framework for a sociological analysis of the events depicted in The Milagro Beanfield War. The conflict perspective sees society as being composed of different groups with contradictory interests. Conflict theorists are critical of functionalists, who believe that these disparate interests can be resolved amicably. Instead, theorists like Karl Marx have argued that ruling class interests will come to dominate over the needs of others. Members of the ruling class would use all the means at their disposal in order to assure their interests are served, including money, political connections and other social institutions. This is true, even when these interests are detrimental to other segments of society. In the case of The Milagro Beanfield War, the ruling class interests are represented by Ladd and his cadre of developers. Rounding out the cast of ruling class interests are Ladd's ditzy wife Flossie, state police officer and hired gun Montana and even the incompetent state governor. Because of his wealth and political connections, Ladd has Montana at his disposal to keep Milagro residents in line. At various times throughout the film, even the Milagro town mayor and the town sheriff seem to be in Devine's pocket, afraid or reluctant to help their own constituents. The conflict perspective believes that it would be useless for ...

A Study on Legal Position of Floor Area Ratio (FAR) in Urban Development

A Study on Legal Position of Floor Area Ratio (FAR) in Urban Development Floor Area Ratio (FAR) is one of the main features of urban area, which is always considered by urban planners. This issue has become as one of the major bases of urban development policy in Iran within the past recent years and been emphasized through the framework of several urban development plans. Therefore, a fundamental view in this regard is mandatory. The most important achievement of the current century in the field of urban development is considering citizens rights and qualitative aspects in this regard. Non-professional interference such as selling excessive FAR and uncontrolled and unplanned developments, especially for housing purposes in most major cities without considering the variability and difference of urban lands and merely for achieve earning for municipality and profitability of a limited group of investors have occurred, which resulted in a decrease in urban environment quality and lack of sustainability in the field of security, health and comfort of citizen s in environmental fields. Whereas effect of tall buildings on urban area and citizens in terms of physical, economic, social, urban development, etc. is undeniable, therefore, special focus on urban development laws is required. The purpose of this study includes recognizing effecting urban laws relating to FAR and controlling urban development through examining laws on FAR and tall building construction in some sample countries across the Globe, to identify variable and suitable solutions using global experiences. Eventually, through studying Tehran and New York, as two modern cities with roughly similar conditions and comparing the laws and manner to face issues of urban development and FAR, we understand the level of success of each in this regard and what are more suitable solutions. Study method in this article is combined, in a way that using research method and documented and library base studies, the relevant information is collected and further examined using quantitative and qualitative method. Introduction Almost all developed and developing countries face serious problems due to rapid and vertical growth of cities during the recent decades. The issues of this phenomenon not only extensively affected urban development policies, but also its consequences played a major role in economic, social, political, managerial and environmental issues of the societies. Concerns on this phenomenon caused that the developed countries, especially upon WWII, take certain measures to solve or control this crisis. The main bases of these measures include policies on tall building construction, mass development, changing taxation laws, enactment of land laws for optimized usage, improvement and renovation of old and central urban areas, plan on preparing lands of new locations, developing new cities, and above all, policy on increasing population density and FAR of cities. Through reviewing many of these polices, the undeniable role of FAR component in forming and physical aspect and form of the city may be perceived. In these plans, FAR is determined considering population expected for the plan horizon and urban development and urban region policies as well as considering environmental capacities, services and infra-structural urban installations and social, economic, and cultural characteristics. Therefore, focusing the important role of housing in the city and urban planning, focusing position of FAR in projects, its role and importance in urban area organization and factors and criteria affecting the same and legal discussion in this regard are essential. Various existing limitations in a city results in limitations to admitting population for that city and its suburbs, while due to the same reason, the regulations on level of permitted construction in urban development plans is known and therefore, the owners are prohibited to construct excessive building considering their construction permits. Study Purpose Identifying factors affecting FAR Clarifying FAR concept as urban development tool for housing projects Study Questions What are the effective criteria to determine FAR? Can the criteria effective in modern urban design be achieved through considering common legal aspects of FAR in the studied countries? Study Method Whereas this article is of analytical, quantitative and qualitative nature and collecting data has been fulfilled through research method and documented and library studies, which have further been studied, therefore, the study method in this article is of combined type. Position of FAR in Urban Development Fundamentals: In general, the concept of density in the urban planning literature in the context of land use planning under the category of zoning regulations is the subject dealt with the spatial distribution of elements, functions and activities in urban areas. (Flame, Urban Management Quarterly, 2008, p. 36). Concentration in urban design also has a great effect on all three aspects of the artifact environment, its function, its form and meaning. This effect is achieved through the level of user activity in the functional dimension, and the methods for controlling the volume, height and spacing of buildings, in the dimension of the form through the dimensions of performance and in the semantic dimension and artifact environment. Height: The height of buildings as one of the contiguous variables on FAR is one of the most important factors in organizing urban landscape. This criterion, in proportion to the number of building floors, is a more precise control tool that should be designed with regard to adjacent buildings and street features. The impact of building height on creating a sense of space enclosure is significant. The sense of being enclosed in space is essentially based on the relation between the eye distance from the height of the enclosing body of space. Building Mass and Volume: This is one of the other criteria controlling FAR, which plays an important role in urban form and view. This criterion focuses controlling volume and distribution of superstructure on ground area. Scale: It is one of the other variables dependent on density, which is a complex, multi-faceted and relative measure. So that it can be a mixture of the main criteria such as mass and volume, height, gradient etc. In this way, the effects of building density on the physical dimension are more pronounced. Disturbance in physical spaces and urban form and landscape is one of the negative consequences of increasing construction density. Floor Area Ratio (FAR) This is the ratio of the total infrastructure construction of a fragment to the total area of that piece. (Zo Eshtyagh, 1998.4) The index of construction density is shown as a percentage. The effects of increasing the density on the urban form include spatial skew, a cultural organization, mass and space. The effects of increasing density on urban landscape are as follows: Height line, bonding of the walls, scale, granularity, hemisphericity of buildings. Therefore, if increased construction density, without comprehensive planning, can cause disturbances in the citys space and body. The formation of the physical composition of urban bodies, without consideration of qualitative and quantitative aspects, will lead to the creation of discrete and unconnected urban areas and disparate and disproportionate towers. This is clearly visible in housing projects. Factors effective in Categorization Determine the density in each area according to its type of operation Determine the amount of land needed for important urban functions such as trade, industry, residential sector and other urban activities (Shokouti, 1994, p. 343) The height of buildings, the dimensions of segments, the street width, the supply area and the number of buildings in each building The location and capacity of the lines of installations and main streets (Zyari, 2009, p. 67) The theory of determinism (ecology) of the city, considering its size and population density and high buildings, causes the mental and emotional disturbances of the citizens, which in turn undermine social relations, Superficial, apparent, and so on. But combinators claim that ecological factors do not play an effective role in social relationships, and that differences in social behavior of individuals derive from their own characteristics and characteristics. Sub-cultural theory synthesizes two earlier theories that are more consistent with the reality of urban life. The existence of complications from various subcultures under conditions of consolidation can have the same strong links and sincere connections in urban areas and, in some cases, an abnormal phenomenon. In high-rise buildings, in addition to the effects of ecological factors, non-ecological issues also play a major role. In addition to numerous global experiences, research conducted in Iran, mainly composed of academ ic work.

LEGAL IMPLICATIONS IN HUMAN RESOURCES SESSION LONG PROJECT 1 Essay

LEGAL IMPLICATIONS IN HUMAN RESOURCES SESSION LONG PROJECT 1 (USAA)EMPLOYMENT LAW - Essay Example The company has its head quarters in San Antonio Texas and it is one large single occupancy office building. The company is not a unionized company. USAA has a strong and well developed human resources team which deals with all the employee needs. The company currently is a home for almost twenty two thousand employees. The human resources team is well developed and well equipped to meet the needs of the employees. The company deals with a number of different products which are highly competitive in nature and are focused mainly for the military families. The company also offers a number of products to the general public as well. These include, investments, financial planning, life insurance and also other banking products like savings accounts, checking accounts and also CDs (USAA). The main aim of this organization however has solely been to provide financial strength and a strong foundation to the military families which depend on the company for higher and superior products and s ervices. USAA and Laws: The changes in the law and major court decisions leads to a few changes in the overall organization. USAA can be impacted by the changes in the law.

Opinion Blog on Domestic Violence Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Opinion Blog on Domestic Violence - Assignment Example The issue of domestic violence especially against women is not new and infact the domestic violence movement is atleast 3 decades old. The movement has caught a lot of public awareness and has got many protective laws enacted. Many extensive network of services have been started to help the victims of domestic violence. Any incident of threatening behavior, violence or abuse, of any form, between individuals who are, or have been, intimate partners or family members, or share a relationship, is known as domestic violence. The victims are usually women, children, elderly people, physically or mentally challenged persons and partners in gay or lesbian relationship. According to the 1998 Commonwealth fund survey, nearly 31% of American women report being abused by their partners at some point in their lives (Common wealth fund, 1999). According to the ‘National Violence Against Women’ survey (1995-96), about 25% of women reported sexual domestic violence at some time in their lives. In the year 2001, 85% of the victims of intimate partner violence were women (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2003). There was no difference in rates as far as social, racial, geographical or ethnic differences are concerned. Also, 50% of men who assaulted their wives also assaulted their children. Domestic violence is a much sought after problem for over decades. Though many researchers argue that there are as many men who are battered as are women, there is enough evidence to prove that women are the main targets of domestic violence. Hence women must be given help to fight domestic violence and must be advised not to accept it a part of family system. Commonwealth Fund. (1999). Health Concerns across a Woman’s Lifespan: 1998 Survey of Women’s Health. May 1999. Retrieved on 25th November, 2010 from

Educational Paradigms Essay Example for Free

Educational Paradigms Essay Paradigms are ways of thinking or getting things done. As time passes and new concepts evolve, the way things are being done or implemented begin to undergo significant changes. Paradigms are continually shifting and this is unavoidable. For example, prior to the beginning of the information age, education could only be achieved by physically seeking admission and going through manual registration processes before one could be considered a student. The situation has changed today. Most of these processes may now be achieved online, as is the case with American Intercontinental University (AIU). A new educational paradigm has been ushered in as a result of technological advancements (Riegle, n. d. ). Which paradigm best describes your current learning organizational environment? Why? Provide an example. The ideal paradigm is the one that favours the emergence of standard practices, improved methodologies, and a range of resources that help to establish benchmarks and develop instructional strategies that give students the opportunity to learn properly and reap the benefits of education optimally. American Intercontinental University (AIU) provides an online educational system that offers increased accessibility to students from the convenience of their homes. This is accomplished through the use of up-to-date technological devices, software programs, internet connection, and computers. Since technology has turned the world into a global village, the educational paradigm is gradually shifting from the use of traditional classrooms to an online learning system. This learning platform has necessitated the need for an interactive method of learning to supplement the lecture materials, sample essays and the numerous resources that are made available to students to facilitate their learning process. For example, Instructional strategies that involve the use of chat rooms, discussion groups, emails, forums or message boards are employed to achieve learning. How does your organizational paradigm affect your assessments and measurement of student learning? AIU strives to balance learning strategies by adopting principles of various learning theories and applying them to instructional design and students’ assessment. The University presents materials to students in formats that they can easily understand, usually in the form of video, audio, presentations, and other related methods. Measurement of student learning is achieved through the evaluation of students’ participation in group activities, discussion groups, learning teams, chat rooms, and ability to use concept maps, mnemonics or organizers to reflect their knowledge of concepts. This is in support of the Cognitivism theory which states that it is important to understand how the human mind works so that we can understand how students learn (Learning Theories Knowledgebase, 2008). Assessment of learning is also done by giving students home work, assignments or group projects so that they can learn through their own activities and personal experiences. This is a very important paradigm at AIU since most of the learning activities take place online. Students are encouraged to learn through simulation, exploration and active participation in message boards and various projects assigned to them. This method of assessment is in agreement with the constructivism theory which states that knowledge is imbibed through active participation and engagement of the learner. The theory asserts that for knowledge to be retained, it is important to link new concepts with familiar concepts (Learning Theories Knowledgebase, 2008). On a personal level, which paradigm do you feel most represents your own views of education and assessment? Even though technology has its numerous benefits and offers students various opportunities of convenience and ease of use, traditional learning methods should also be sustained because each style of learning has its own benefits. It’s important to maximize the advantages of each learning style so that optimal results may be achieved. In consonance with the theory of behaviorism, good performance should always be rewarded with praise, awards or any other form of recognition to encourage the students, while the undesired behavior (bad performance) may be rewarded by holding back such rewards (Learning Theories Knowledgebase, 2008). This ensures that individual performances in learning are immediately observed and weak points are focused on for possible improvement. By balancing the learning theories and employing the use of best practices in administering lectures to students, learning can indeed become an enhanced and exciting experience. References Learning Theories Knowledgebase. (2008). Index of Learning Theories and Models. Retrieved September 25, 2008 from http://www. learning-theories. com Riegle, R. P. (n. d. ). Educational Paradigms. Visionary Leadership for the Information Age. Retrieved September 26 from http://people. coe. ilstu. edu/rpriegle/wwwdocs/paradigm/welcome. htm

Western Pennsylvanian Election 1937 and the New Deal :: essays research papers

In an era where men worked hard for what they had but had little to show for it. When large corporate owners were refusing to allow workers into unions came about the New Deal. This proposal would not just change the lives of the workers during this time, it would change the lives of Americans for years to come.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Steel Valley of Western Pennsylvania, 1937, the elections of government officials had changed from years past. There was realignment of the political parties and the political parties switched positions for years to come. With the help of the Little New Deal in Western Pennsylvania, the amount of labor and satisfaction increased.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt to president of the United States due to the Depression of the thirties, there was bound to be change. There was a great interest in the ideas of FDR’s New Deal. The interest and approval came for the blue-collar workers and lower-income households. The upper class approval on the other hand was on it way down, because all in all the New Deal would be essentially taking away from the upper class citizens, business owners, and giving middle lower class more.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now that these new ideas were being utilized the workers wanted a new form of local government. If they would leave local government the way it was they would always be pushed around. So, middle class Americans would run for local government. The town would be more likely to elect someone who has been in their position before and want to help them out when they would strike rather then bring the police in and break it up. They would need someone with power on their side and that’s what they did.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the year 1936 about fifty percent of the people in Pittsburgh, Pa voted Democratic with about nine percent Republican and three percent for someone else. Thirty seven percent of people didn’t vote. This was a great increase in voters from 1932 when only forty-two percent of the people voted. This showed that as more people voted the republicans still were receiving more votes but the Democrats were running away with the amount of people voting. Because of President Roosevelt’s plan to increase the number of jobs and his willingness to get involved with the large companies, people wanted to see this go through. People wanted to have this security that they were not receiving from the Republican government.

What I Have Learned in Introduction to Psychology

In Introduction to Psychology we touched briefly on a lot of the components of psychology. It is an introduction class, so it does not go deeply into any one category, instead just skims most of them. I learned what qualifies psychology as a science, the brain and how it is important in the science of psychology. I learned about sensation and perception and then did a project on how psychoactive drugs alter them. We talked in depth about learning, classical conditioning specifically, and covered operant conditioning quite thoroughly as well. Freud was discussed quite often, since he is seen as the founder of psychology. The psychodynamic theories on development, personality, and psychological disorders as well as other theories are some of the subjects I will be going into depth in this paper. What is Psychology? The textbook describes psychology as â€Å"the scientific study of behavior and mental processes (Ciccarelli & White, p. 4, 2009)†. In class, the definition of psychology we used is â€Å"the scientific study of behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism’s physical state, mental state, and external state (K.  Hoecker, class lecture, 2010)†. The four goals of psychology are to describe, understand, predict, and modify why behavior is happening (Ciccarelli & White, p. 5, 2009). Psychology is a social science, focused on the individual, which is related to sociology, anthropology, political science, and economics (K. Hoecker, class lecture, 2010). What Are the Models of Psychiatry? There are seven models of psychiatry mentioned in the textbook: psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, sociocultural, biopsychological, and evolutionary (Ciccarelli & White, p. 13-16, 2009). In class we also discussed the feminist perspective (K. Hoecker, class lecture, 2009). The original psychoanalytical theory was based on Freud and he believed that sex and sexual motivations were behind a person’s behavior. Modern psychodynamic theory focuses on childhood experiences and unconscious thoughts in relationship to a person’s behavior (Ciccarelli & White, p. 13, 2009). The behavioral perspective is the idea that people’s actions and behaviors are based on what they have learned. Watson and Skinner were both important people in the behaviorist field (Ciccarelli & White, p. 14, 2009). Humanistic approach to psychology is a newer approach than the other two and the most famous founders of the approach are Carl Rogers, and Abraham Maslow. The humanistic approach emphasizes free will and human potential to change. Gestalt started the cognitive perspective on psychology with his studies of thought. â€Å"Cognitive perspective with its focus on memory, intelligence, perception, thought processes, problem solving, language and learning has become a major force in psychology (Ciccarelli & White, p. 15, 2009)†. Sociocultural psychology tries to explain the context of behavior and how it is influenced by society (Ciccarelli & White, p. 5, 2009). The idea that behavior is caused by genetics, hormones, and body chemistry is biopsychiatry. Biopsychiatry is becoming an extremely important field, because of the possibility now to find mental illnesses with brain scans. (Ciccarelli & White, p. 16, 2009). Darwin is the most famous evolutionary psychiatrist. Evolutionary psychiatry is the study of the evolutionary basis of human behavior (Ciccarelli & White, p. 16, 2009). The last psychiatric theory is not mentioned in the text book but it is the feminist theory. The feminist theory explores gender roles, and gender bias (K.  Hoecker, class lecture, 2010). It is important to know about the different perspectives on psychiatry because they have different beliefs and treatment models. If a person is planning on going into the psychiatric field they would need to know the different types of psychiatry and which one meets their personality and belief system. What Does the Brain Have to do With Psychiatry? The brain is where thought processes happen and has always held mystery. Scientists are discovering new things all the time. We now know that 10% of the brain is made up of neurons, and the remaining 90% is made up of glial cells. Glial cells hold things in place, insulate the paths for electrical currents, provide the neurons with nutrients and clean up the dead neurons (K. Hoecker, class lecture, 2010). Neurons are made up of different parts. The soma is the body of the cell; dendrites branch off the soma and receive messages. Axons are tubes that transmit messages to other cells; the axon is covered by myelin to help insulate the axon and speed up the messages. The synaptic knobs, also known as the axon terminals, store the neurotransmitters that carry the messages (Ciccarelli & White, p. 49, 50, 2009). The left side of the brain deals with the right half of the body, language, math, logic, analysis and reading. The right hemisphere of the brain handles the left half of the body, nonverbal communication, visual-spatial perception, music, art, emotions, recognition, process, pattern, and facial recognition (Ciccarelli & White, p. 78, 2009). The cerebellum is located in the back lower part of the brain. It controls balance, muscle coordination, learned reflexes, and habits (Ciccarelli & White, p. 69, 2009). The Cerebral cortex is the outer covering of the brain. It controls complex thoughts (Ciccarelli & White, p. 68, 2009). There are four lobes to the cerebral cortex. The frontal lobe is located in the front of the brain and controls planning, personality, memory, decision making, and language. The parietal lobes are in the top and back of the brain. The parietal lobes process information from the skin and help to recognize where your body is in relation to things. The occipital lobe is in the rear of the brain and identifies information from the eyes (Ciccarelli & White, p. 73, 2009). In the text, neurologist, Oliver Sachs’ patient that had a tumor in his occipital lobe could see things and describe them, but could not identify them. Sacks once gave him a rose to look at. The man turned it around and around and began to describe it as a â€Å"red inflorescence† of some type with a green tubular projection. Only when he held it under his nose (stimulating the sense of smell) did he recognize it as a rose† (Sachs, 1990 as cited in Ciccarelli & White, p. 73, 2009). The temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex are located behind the temples. They contain the auditory and auditory association areas (Ciccarelli & White, p. 74, 2009). Sensation and Perception Sensation is the activation of receptors in sense organs; i. . eyes, ears, skin, nose, taste buds (K. Hoecker, class lecture, 2010). Perception is the way in which the brain interprets the information and forms it into logical functions (Ciccarelli & White, p. 116, 2009). The process of changing sensation to perception is called transduction (Ciccarelli & White, p. 92, 2009). I found habituation and sensory adaptation to be interesting. Habituation is the ability to tune information out from the ears. You still are hearing the noise, just not paying attention to it (Ciccarelli & White, p. 94, 2009). Sensory adaptation is blocking out the smell, sight, touch or taste after no changing stimuli. Sensory adaptation is different than habituation because the senses themselves become familiar with the stimuli and no longer send signals to the brain instead of the brain not paying attention to the signals (Ciccarelli & White, p. 94, 2009). Psychoactive Drugs Psychoactive drugs produce altered states of consciousness. They alter sensation, perception and memory. There are four types of psychoactive drugs; stimulants, depressants, narcotics, and hallucinogens (Ciccarelli & White, p. 158, 2009). Stimulants the sympathetic and or the central nervous system to increase in their levels of functioning (Ciccarelli & White, p. 158, 2009). Depressants slow the central nervous system down; the most known and used depressant is alcohol. Narcotics are all opium based and suppress the sensation of pain. They bind to endorphins and cause the body to release more (Ciccarelli & White, p. 164, 2009). Hallucinogens cause the brain to change the way it reads information, they can cause the brain to read sights as smells, â€Å"colors have sound, and sounds have smells, and so on (Ciccarelli & White, p. 65, 2009)†. Classical Conditioning The brain is needed in order to learn, act, and live. Classical conditioning is a type of learning that was started by a Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov identified elements that had to be experienced repeatedly and in an order for classical conditioning to happen (Ciccarelli & White, p. 179, 2009). The naturally occurring stimulus is called t he unconditional stimulus. The unlearned response to the unconditioned stimulus is the unconditioned response. A stimulus that has no effect on the unconditioned response is called the neutral stimulus. The neutral stimulus is eventually turned into the conditioned stimulus if it is presented often and on a strict pattern. Once the unconditioned response begins to happen when the conditioned stimulus is presented, it is then the conditioned response (Ciccarelli & White, p. 181, 2009). Extinction is the losing and eventual absence of the conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus if it is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (Ciccarelli & White, p. 82, 2009), Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of the conditioned response for a short while when the original conditioned response appears (Ciccarelli & White, p. 182, 2009). Higher order conditioning is getting response to other stimuli based on the original conditioned stimuli. In the textbook they theorize about what would happen if after Pavlov succeeded in getting the dogs to salivate at the bell ring, what would happen if he snapped his fingers right before he ran the bell (Ciccarelli & White, p. 183, 2009)? The theory is that after enough times the dogs would salivate at the finger snap. Why is Learning Important? There are five types of learning; classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observation/vicarious learning, latent learning, and insight learning. Besides being able to set up experiments to test the types of learning, why is it important to know about the ways humans and animals learn? It is important to know how you learn best, why people are doing certain things, and what works to teach animals and children how to do things. For instance children learn a lot of their actions through observational learning (Ciccarelli & Whit, p. 209, 2009). Children learned how to act towards a doll based on how others treated the doll, in an experiment (Bandura, et al. , 1961 as cited in Ciccarelli & White, p. 209, 210, 2009). Development â€Å"Human development is the scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age, from conception until death (Ciccarelli & White, p. 310, 2009), Personality, cognition, biological development, and social connections are all considered to be part of developing (Ciccarelli & White, p. 317, 2009). There are four argued theories; nature versus nurture, continuity versus stages, stability versus change, individual versus universal (K. Hoecker, class lecture, 2010). Continuity versus stages was the most interesting aspect of development to me. I believe that people change throughout their lives but I don’t necessarily believe that a stage needs to be completed 100% in order to successfully reach maturity. Piaget’s stages of cognitive development include four stages that a person must complete in order to be at their highest potential. From birth until 2 years old a child is considered to be in the sensorimotor stage. In the sensorimotor stage a child uses their senses and motor skills to explore and learn about the world. By the end of the sensorimotor stage the child will understand that when a person or object disappears it still exists (Ciccarelli & White, p. 326, 2009). From ages 2 until 7 a child is said to be in the preoperational stage, in which they can ask questions about their environment and do not have to rely on their senses alone. They are only able to focus on one object at a time and cannot understand that by changing the appearance of something it does not mean that the thing itself has changed (Ciccarelli & White, p. 327, 2009). The third stage of Piagnet’s stages is the concrete operations stage. During the concrete operations stage, age 7 to 12, a child can think logically but is lacking in the ability to understand abstract ideas (Ciccarelli & White, p. 328, 2009). The last of Piagnet’s stages is the formal operations stage. The formal operations stage is generally from the age of 12 onward. During this last stage a person is able to understand abstract thoughts and can have hypothetical thinking (Ciccarelli & White, p. 328, 2009). Personality Personality is how a person acts, think, feels, and presents themselves, it is a constant and originates within the individual (K. Hoecker, class lecture, 2010). There are four goals of personality theorists: figure out the components of identify, find out the structure of personality, and find out how people are motivated and the dynamics of personality, and how personality varies from person to person. Psychodynamic Theory of Personality Sigmund Freud split a person’s personality into three main components, the Id, the ego, and the superego. They are explained as, â€Å"Id: If it feels good, do it (Ciccarelli & White, p. 520, 2009†,†Ego: The executive director (Ciccarelli & White, p. 20, 2009), and the â€Å"Superego: The moral watchdog (Ciccarelli & White, p. 521, 2009). Freud theorized that we develop in stages, which he called psychosexual stages. The first stage is the oral stage, the main focus is oral pleasure and if a person has difficulty in this stage are effected by problems with â€Å"ability to form interpersonal attachments, basic feelings about the world, tendency to use ora l forms of aggression, such as sarcasm, optimism or pessimism, tendency to take charge or be passive (Ciccarelli & White, p. 525, 2009)†. The second stage is the anal stage. The anal stage is focused on bowel and bladder control. The third stage is the phallic stage is focused on the genitals and is when a child identifies themselves physically with the same sex parent (Ciccarelli & White, p. 525, 2009). From age 6 years to puberty is called the latency stage because not much is going on psychosexually. From puberty to death is the genital; stage in which people focus on sexual behavior. I don’t agree with Freud on his theory of personality. To me it seems like he watched people develop and wrote a list based on what he saw in order to explain a difficult adulthood. I know from experience that if you turn potty training into a power struggle it makes for a hellish experience but I don’t think it is going to affect a child later on in their adulthood. Why Is This Important? I knew people learned in different ways but I didn’t know that there are five different learning types and in those types, different styles. I am the mother of a young child and since we covered Chapter 5 (Ciccarelli & White, 2009), I have found myself looking back on the chapter in order to â€Å"trick† my daughter into learning new things. She now makes her bed every day because she modeled my action, and that same behavior worked towards putting dishes in the sink after dinner and picking up messes. I use to ask and then tell her to do something many times and get frustrated that it wasn’t getting done, now that I model the behavior when I know she is watching she is doing everything I had asked of her before without the power struggle. Knowing the different models of psychiatry is important to me and will be used in my life after I get my degree. I am in the behavioral health and human services program and am planning on being a licensed alcohol and drug ounselor soon. I will have to choose what theorist I most agree with and what style to work with when dealing with patients. I know that I will be working with an agency and will have to follow their guidelines but I will still need to understand the theory behind the practice. Global Citizenship Different cultures experience the same thing in different ways. In some cultures someone with schizophrenia may be looked on as having special powers in our culture they are viewed as sick. Cultures also have different psychiatric disorders, based on their own belief systems and structure. In America is not common that a person will fear their genitals are going to shrink or fall off but in China they have a disease name for it, Koro (Ciccarelli % White, p . 559, 2009). People act differently according to where they were raised, what they were taught and what resources available to them. I have an entirely different way of thinking and feeling about some things then even my sisters do, because they were raised with their father in a house while I grew up with my mother in a family shelter for a lot of my childhood. I am able to deal with some things better than them and other times I get panic stricken at things that don’t affect them. Even though we grew up in the same country, the same state, we grew up in different economic levels and with different parents. Being raised in a different location, region, time, economic class, culture in general makes it difficult to relate to other people. If the people have different experience they may not be able to understand where a person’s belief system is based and may not be able to validate that person’s beliefs. As discussed in the textbook people identify themselves. The social identity theory describes how a person develops an identity inside a group. Social categorization is how a person identifies them and where they place themselves into the group; to help determine the role they should play (Ciccarelli & White, p. 495, 2009). Identification is how the person sees themselves in the group, and social comparison is when a person compares themselves to others in order to feel better about their role (Ciccarelli & White, p. 495, 2009).

Ready To Eat Breakfast Cereal Industry Essay

Restrained competition amongst themselves through â€Å"unwritten agreements† to limit the in-pack premiums (free toys, gifts, e tc) -Refrain from trade dealing-offering discounts to retailers for special treatment or special promotions -Refrained from widespread fortification of their brands because it was believed to not be in the long run interests of the industry (vitamin fortification) FTC also argued the big three took specific actions to make new entry ventures unprofitable -prevented entry into the RTE cereal industry by encouraging super markets and other retailers to adopt a shelf space plan that ensured the big threes products received the most valued center aisle position Caught off guard with the introduction of natural cereal brands Industry environment in the 1990’s Technology Processes utilized in creation of many children’s cereals took substantial engineering expertise and production experience to master. -Standard plant was estimated to req. a capacity of 75 million pounds per year to achieve minimum efficient scale -employed 125 people -req. capital in excess of 100 million -a singly plant could produce many brands of cereal because the main source of scale economies was in bagging -Spent about 1% of gross sales on R&D (slightly higher than the food industry average) 2 PROBLEMS that have persisted over the 100 years of making cereal 1. It was difficult to keep cereal crispy in milk, and in cereals like Raisin Bran, the flakes tended to become soggy in the box because they absorbed the moisture of the fruit 2. NOT easy to combine things with varying water activity characteristics a. A typical solution to this problem was to coat the fruit with a thin layer of fat to trap the moisture thus preventing the flakes from getting soggy in the box Even tried to alter the shape of the cereal to prevent mild absorption and preserved the crispiness Distribution Prime shelf space and its importance! -Slotting Allowance: securing shelf space for a new brand required pmt to grocers -larger cereal firms had more flexibility than new entrants in shuffling their allocation of space among brands(sometimes replacing a failed brand with a new introduction) Introduction of supercenters-Large 125,000 sq. foot stores that combined a supermarket, a general discount retailer, and specialty retailers under one roof They really increased non-supermarket sales of food from 5% in 1993 to 20% by 2000 Supercenters helped shelf space! Significantly less entrenches than in supermarkets and thus allowing start-up value oriented brands to obtain a market presence AND†¦..DID NOT require slotting allowances INTERESTING FACT- Big three accounted for 75.6% of sales in food stores, they only had a 41.3% mkt share in mass merchandisers Advertising, Promotions and Pricing Advertising/ sales ratio fell from 1960s. Especially intense though around a new product introduction RTE cereal industry historically had rounds of price increases usually initiated by Kellogg and then followed by other manufacturers of branded cereals Known as the process of â€Å"price up and spend back† In addition to being amongst most advertising intensive industry, the RTE cereal industry was the top issuer of coupons -Coupon use grew a lot, by 1994 the average value of redeemed coupons had climbed to 87 cents In addition to coupons, other forms of trade promotions were become prevalent such as: -per case discounts to retailers and cash payments for special in store promotions and cooperative advertising, -Buy One Get One promotions-one of the most costly -Might gain 2-3% market share with aggressive price promotion for value sensitive customers -Neither coupons nor forms of trade promotions were believed to stimulate the total cereal demand dramatically -mostly led to stock piling and brand switching by customers -price promotion spiral drove RTE cereal prices up 15.6%! From 1990-1993 -development of new brand took 2-4 years on average and expenditure of 5-10 MM -Brand extensions perceived to be more likely to succeed than new brands and thought to offer economies of scale in advertising and were technologically simpler to develop and produce because the basic process was already in use -Rapid innovation and introduction of new cereal brands led to increased product failure Co-branded cereal in 1994 was very popular -Several companies also attempted to extend the reach of RTE cereal into snack food Competition Kellogg was the clear leader with 35.2% mkt share in 1993 -Had great diverse assortment of products (toaster pastries with pop tarts, frozens waffles with eggos, and granola bars

Free Essays on Physical Attractiveness

Do People Date Others That Are Similarly Attractive? . Despite well-meaning sayings such as â€Å"beauty is only skin deep† and most people’s expressed beliefs that physical attractiveness should not influence us in our interpersonal relationships, it does. In fact, physical attractiveness appears to influence first impressions more than any other variable. And although there are some elements of physical attractiveness, such as symmetry, that appear to be universally appealing, in general, evaluations of beauty are subjective. Different cultures have different standards of beauty, as well as people within the same culture. If we all had the same â€Å"type,† biological diversity would become nonexistent, and the world would be a very boring place. Judgments of beauty tend to change over time and depend on how we feel about a person. While physical attractiveness most influences first impressions, when we are choosing more permanent partners, it declines in importance (Atkinson, 1996). People also tend to choose partners that roughly match them in physical attractiveness. What is physical attractiveness? Social scientists believe that beauty is defined by social consensus (Berscheid & Walster, 1974). Physical attractiveness is usually viewed as a status characteristic. When measuring physical attractiveness of a person, researchers use judges. There are general standards of attractiveness within American society to which both males and females from the same cultural background will use (Morse, Reis, Gruzen, & Wolff, 1974). Most studies find that men and women agree in their average judgments of male and female attractiveness. Do People Date Others 4 According to a study by Feingold (1992), physically attractive people were perceived as more sociable, dominant, sexually warm, mentally healthy, ... Free Essays on Physical Attractiveness Free Essays on Physical Attractiveness Do People Date Others That Are Similarly Attractive? . Despite well-meaning sayings such as â€Å"beauty is only skin deep† and most people’s expressed beliefs that physical attractiveness should not influence us in our interpersonal relationships, it does. In fact, physical attractiveness appears to influence first impressions more than any other variable. And although there are some elements of physical attractiveness, such as symmetry, that appear to be universally appealing, in general, evaluations of beauty are subjective. Different cultures have different standards of beauty, as well as people within the same culture. If we all had the same â€Å"type,† biological diversity would become nonexistent, and the world would be a very boring place. Judgments of beauty tend to change over time and depend on how we feel about a person. While physical attractiveness most influences first impressions, when we are choosing more permanent partners, it declines in importance (Atkinson, 1996). People also tend to choose partners that roughly match them in physical attractiveness. What is physical attractiveness? Social scientists believe that beauty is defined by social consensus (Berscheid & Walster, 1974). Physical attractiveness is usually viewed as a status characteristic. When measuring physical attractiveness of a person, researchers use judges. There are general standards of attractiveness within American society to which both males and females from the same cultural background will use (Morse, Reis, Gruzen, & Wolff, 1974). Most studies find that men and women agree in their average judgments of male and female attractiveness. Do People Date Others 4 According to a study by Feingold (1992), physically attractive people were perceived as more sociable, dominant, sexually warm, mentally healthy, ...

Security and Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Security and Justice - Essay Example here it untenably treats the prevention of the intentional violations of human rights via other agents over the promotion of human rights and protecting human rights in the instance of suffering initiated by natural causes or the influence of human institutions. So to say that the â€Å"Responsibility to Protect† is a demonstration of global humanity is somewhat illusory. The Responsibility to protect - known as R2P - talks about the duty of states toward their populations as well as all populations that might be at risk of genocide and other mass atrocity crimes. R2P lays down three pillars of responsibility: Pillar One - The responsibility to prevent by addressing root causes of internal conflict. The ICISS deemed this to be a key obligation. Every state has the Responsibility to protect its populations from mass atrocity crimes specifically: crimes against humanity, genocide, war crimes and ethnic cleansing. Pillar Two - The responsibility to react by responding to situations of compelling human need with appropriate measures that could lead to first sanctions, then prosecutions and then finally resort to military intervention. The widespread international community has the obligation to urge and assist individual states in meeting that responsibility by severe means as well. Pillar Three - The responsibility to rebuild, in case a state is noticeably failing to protect its inhabitants. Then the international community should be efficiently prepared to take suitable mutual action by delivering full assistance with reconstruction, recovery and resolution, all in a well-timed and definitive fashion as per the UN Charter. These tenets devised in a report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty during 2001 and were approved by the United Nations General Assembly in the 2005 World Summit Outcome Document paragraphs 138, 139 and 140. In January 2009, the UN Secretary-General published a report on application and adherence to the

The Dell Company E-Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Dell Company E-Business - Essay Example In order to analyse the organization of Dell Company, its micro environment need to be evaluated with the help of Porter’s five Forces. It is one of the most recognised analytical tools utilised in maximum organizations among others. Bargaining power of the Suppliers: the bargaining power of the suppliers is extremely high and so the organization of Dell Company had to communicate with varied suppliers in order to attain the raw materials.Bargaining power of the buyers: the bargaining power of the buyers is also quite high in this segment due to the presence of numerous competitors such as IBM, Apple Inc, Acer etc. As a result, the level of switch over costs of the customers is also extremely high that may hinder the growth and dominance of the organization of Dell in the market to a considerable extent. Therefore, in order to retain the level of sustainability and supremacy in the market, the organization of Dell desired to offer inventive products and services to its custome rs. This might increase the loyalty and consistency of the organization in the market among many others. Threat of new entrants: the threat of new entrants is also quite high in this sector due to effective government policies and lower economies of scale. Due to which, the organization of Dell had to offer high concentration over research and development. This might prove effective in developing newly inventive product lines so as to attract a wide range of customers towards the brand that may enhance its profitability.