Animal Conservation Strategies and Inclusion of Rural...

For tens of thousands of years, wild animals have been hunted and utilised by humans in Africa – be it for food or trade. Over the centuries, established methods for hunting and utilisation had arisen and evolved to become part of the very fabric of human existence in Africa. During the 1800s and well into the 20th century, European colonialists established and maintained substantial control over the African continent; as such, European influences affected multiple aspects of life for indigenous, black Africans as well as the wildlife with which they shared the land. The colonial rulers of the various African countries instigated their own concepts of wildlife utilisation across Africa – imposing it upon the indigenous populations. These concepts were often diametrically opposed to the culturally accepted methods and traditions of the various indigenous peoples for wildlife utilisation and exploitation. 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The Battle of the Little Bighorn Free Essays

string(119) " battle going to be any different\? He needed Scouts, especially ones who could blend in, and this would be different\." In 1861 the US government introduced the reservation solution. Plains Indians were to be moved to designated areas known as reservations. There they would receive payments from the government and be taught the ways of the white men. We will write a custom essay sample on The Battle of the Little Bighorn or any similar topic only for you Order Now However the Indians who refused to surrender their lives and the Grace land that they and their brothers had lived upon, long before the white men’s unexpected arrival, soon disrupted this plan. The breaking of the treaty, which prevented white settlers to settle upon their land, and also them passing through it, angered Red Cloud. There were many Sioux attacks on travellers. These attacks went on for many years, until 1866. The US army ignored their accusations and set up forts along the reservation, to prevent further attacks. Red Cloud in disgust attacked the army. The forts, which had been built upon the Bozeman trail, were soon under siege. The Sioux alone were not strong enough to capture the forts, which were equipped with weaponry the Plains Indians had rarely see before, Rifles. Red Cloud kept a force of several Sioux Bands and had also allied with the Arapaho and the Cheyenne. The incentive, of their livelihoods spurred them on. They fort for many months. Red Cloud also had the vision to try and persuade the Crow, traditional enemies of the Sioux, to fight with his people. Although this did not happen, Red Cloud and his people fought on. In 1868 the government admitted that the Indians could not be defeated militarily. So the Us government signed the treaty of Fort Laramie, which saw the creation of the great Sioux Reservation. No non-Indians were to set foot inside this reservation. As soon as the army had left, the forts were burnt to the Ground. It was the start of many years of peace for Red Cloud. However not all of his people agreed with the life that they had been hand fed. Red Clouds power decreased and the Sioux now looked towards the more militant leaders such as Sitting Bull and Red Cloud. However there were worse times to come for the people of the Sioux. The Peace Treaty could not be maintained forever, could it? In 1874 a man by the name of George Armstrong Custer led the seventh Cavalry to the Black Hills, to see whether the area held, the shiny stone that the White Men craved. In doing this he broke the Peace Treaty of Fort Laramie, which had been signed 6 years earlier. Custer had found Gold, hills full of it, ‘From the grassroots down’. This enticed thousands of miners, in search of happiness to the area. The army could not prevent this, and the government did not want to. The Sioux did. The inhabitants attacked many miners. The Government of the United States offered huge sums of money, per year, to the Sioux, in return for the rights to the Gold that they were obviously not using! But the Indians were not interested in round pieces of metal, that the white men exchanged and they were bot willing to give up the Birthplace of their people up easily. In December 1875 all Sioux were ordered to return to their disturbed reservation. The Indian numbers made this hard. There were reported to be 7000 Indians, amongst them Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull. Sitting Bull refused to agree to reservation life, and so many Sioux looked upon him as their new leader. February 1876 saw the army been ordered that any Indians that was not inside the reservation were to be treated as Hostile. This led to a three- pronged campaign, ordered by General Philip Sheridan. The campaign that followed led to the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Bighorn being the mountain ranges where the battle was to take place. And so George Armstrong Custer and his 7th Cavalry set out along with two other parties to force the Indians back to their reservations. Custer rode along the Rosebud River with the men he had been allocated by General Terry. Whilst riding into position, Custer spotted the Sioux village about 15 miles ahead. Custer contemplated attacking, ignoring the conversation he had had with General Terry earlier, Terry: â€Å"Don’t be greedy, wait for us† Custer: â€Å"No, I won’t Little did any of them know, that this would be one of the most controversial and misinterpreted conversations, ever made? Custer ignored Terry’s orders and prepared to fight. He split his battalion up in three, and planned to send troops under Captain Frederick Benteen, who was ordered to prevent the Indian’s usual tactic or escaping. Another group of men were given to Major Marcus Reno, who was to pursue the group. Custer hoped to attack the camp from the North and South Simultaneously. By looking at the tactics he pre-prepared, you would come to the conclusion that he was a very intelligent man, with a lot of experience and will power. However, he was soon to realise that these tactics were not properly thought out, in fact they were soon to be the biggest mistake of his life. A life that, would not see another battle, or another day. Custer had not used his Scouts well; he had barely used them at all. He had Indian Scouts from the enemy tribe of the Sioux, who could of told him a great deal about the strength of the Indian Camp he was preparing to attack, about the firepower of the Indians and the terrain that surrounded the camp. Custer sidelined the scouts, he was the man that ran the show, he knew everything, and he was the noble and brave war veteran. Well, at least this is what he had thought, and if truth were told, so did his men. They had not lost under Custer; he was a respected and experienced Indian fighter. He had never needed scouts before, why was this battle going to be any different? He needed Scouts, especially ones who could blend in, and this would be different. You read "The Battle of the Little Bighorn" in category "Papers" Little did George Armstrong Custer know that the Indian camp he was about to attack with only his battalion was three times his strength, containing not only Sioux, but also Cheyenne warriors. Custer’ s plan was put into action: Reno’s squadron of 175 soldiers attacked the northern end of the camp. Quickly finding themselves in a desperate battle with little hope of surviving, Reno halted his charging men before they could be trapped and killed, they fought for ten minutes in un-orderly state, hoping that it wasn’t going to be their scalps upon the mass of tee-pees they saw before them. Reno withdrew his men into the woods that lined the river. When that position proved indefensible, they retreated uphill to the bluffs east of the river, pursued hotly by f Cheyenne and Sioux Warriors. Just as they finished driving the soldiers out, the Indians sighted roughly 200 of Custer’s men coming towards them, through the tough terrain at the other end of the village. This then took the pressure off of Reno’s men. Cheyenne and Hunk papa Sioux together crossed the river and locked horns with the advancing soldiers, forcing them back to a high ridge to the north. Meanwhile, another force, largely Oglala Sioux under the command of Crazy Horse, swiftly moved downstream and doubled back in a sweeping arc. This boxed the un-defeated men of the 7th cavalry enveloping Custer and his men in a pincer move. The Indians began pouring in gunfire and arrows. Gunfire came from Winchester repeating Rifles. Rifles that they traded with white men for fur. The exact rifle that Custer had ordered to be left behind, as this would hold his men up, in a battle where, he thought, guns were not necessary. Custer thought a lot of things would weigh him down. The gattling Guns, Sabres and extra troops for example. All because he thought they’d slow him down. But how much he would of wanted them despite their ‘weight’, whilst surrounded by the ‘savages’ he had promised to leave in peace. The peace was broken, and so was Custer’s plan. As the Indians closed in, Custer ordered his men to shoot their horses and stack the carcasses to form a wall, but they provided little protection against bullets. In under an hour, Custer and his men were killed in the worst American military disaster ever. Proving that Custer was greedy and Custer didn’t wait. There were many factors that led to the defeat of Custer. However by reading the facts about the war, above, you can see that Custer eyes were clouded over. An urgency to go down in American history as the noblest man, the greatest Indian slayer and most of all The President of the United States. A great Indian slayer should be able defeat a camp of Indians on his own? This was why George Custer did not use Scouts. Therefore he ran into a camp that was 3 or 4 times larger than he had first anticipated. So the men he obtained, of which he thought he had sufficient were out numbered 3 to 1. This obviously was a huge factor to why he and his men were slain. He did not expect to come across a camp of this size, let alone a camp that were equipped with a greater fire power than his squadron. This was another factor. Custer had not expected the Indians to have Guns as well as the knifes and bows and arrows they were expected to own. This meant Custer’s men were facing 3 times as many warriors as he had, who were more equipped in the white mans fire arms than them. Having known this a war veteran would have surely come up with alternative tactics. So you see, lack of and misinterpreted information led to unsuitable tactics. It was like a chain of events. Lack of knowledge meant lack of weapons and firepower, which meant poor tactics. This lack of knowledge could have so easily been avoided, by sending out some of their many Indian Scouts. Who could have quite easily got an insight into the size and firepower that the rival Indians had. But Custer’ eyes were clouded with greed, he needed no scouts. Custer definitely went down in history. He went down as the General who led his men into worst military disaster in American History. What happened to the Sioux after the battle? Although the Indians won the Battle of the Little Bighorn, it was not a major event in Sioux history. Knowing that there would be severe punishment for their victory, the Indians immediately split up and traveled on so that the U. S. Cavalry would have a difficult time trying to find them. Eventually, they would be forced to live on reservations as their land went into the hands of the U. S. government for mining and farming. Something the Indians did not do or intend on doing. They had fought hard in a losing battle. They had success in the Battle of the Little Bighorn, but had lost their way of life. Their victory attracted even more discrimination and racism and gave the white men an extra incentive to wipe out the Plains Indians altogether. They would now be forced to live as the white men, be taught to farm crops and live in captivity. Some Indians killed themselves rather than live a false life with their humiliated and half annihilated brothers. So the Battle of the Little Bighorn was not really a victory for the Indians. They had fought with their lives, and what had they won, a life of shame, cruelty and eventually death. The reward for their victory was nothing. How to cite The Battle of the Little Bighorn, Papers

Things Fall Apart †Chinua Achebe Analysis Essay Example For Students

Things Fall Apart – Chinua Achebe Analysis Essay Things Fall Apart is by the widely acclaimed African author Chinua Achebe. The story told is a tragic one of a person by the name of Okonkwo who s own stubborn views about what it is to be a man leads to his own demise. Okonkwo is often compared by people to the tragic hero like those in Greek tragedies. This is probably the primary way in which the text is interpreted but I feel Achebe is trying to make another point as well through the story. Achebe received inspiration to write the novel from a poem written by an Englishman by the name of William Butler Yeats. The title of the poem is The Second Coming. The poem talks about anarchy that is upon the world during the present time and how things will change with the second coming. † During this second coming the chaos that is prevalent will end finally after two thousand years. Achebe uses this poems basic idea by creating the story of Okonkwo who lives in a chaotic and barbaric world. To outsiders who are observing Okonkwo s people, they may certainly seem uncivilized in many ways. Achebe symbolizes the end of this anarchy in Okonkwo s society by the introduction of Christian missionaries who pacify the Ibo people and ultimately cause the death of Okonkwo. I believe Okonkwo is the last and final source of chaos that is finally muted to bring civility to the people. The Ibo people live a very peaceful but ignorant life. At first glance their lifestyle may seem to be normal but when examining the depths of it we can clearly see why it would seem to be chaotic. When I use the term chaos or anarchy I don t mean it in the literal sense but in comparison to the modern world or in particular England. Anarchy or chaos in my usage is meant to be the lack of morals and/or certain values, which we as westerners would agree to be good. There are many things that the Ibo people were accustomed to that we would find horrific and savage. One of their customs was to throw away babies that were borne as identical twins because they were thought of as being bad. Another custom was to mutilate the dead corpse of a baby that was thought to be evil in order to prevent it from being borne again. Another thing that is chaotic about their culture was the fact that their laws and justice system were very perverted. For example for a war to occur is not difficult and if one does happen then there is very little ethics in warfare. We see this when the warriors bring home heads of those they have killed. The justice system is also messed up because a man that has killed may not necessarily get a just punishment. One thing I felt was not just was the punishment that the neighboring village received for killing a daughter of Umuofia. That village had to give up two innocent people who took no part in any crime and the person who committed the act received no real punishment to himself. Okonkwo embodied all that was brutal in this society and was the perfect example for it. He stood by his culture very strongly. The introduction of Christianity into Ibo society brought an end to the madness. It brought law and order and also a better sense of morality. In the seven years that Okonkwo was gone things changed greatly. As soon as he left the missionaries came and started to spread the new faith among the people. These Christians brought with them a government and judicial system as well as a new way of life. Soon the Ibo society was being influenced by all this and became tamer and less ruthless. They were realizing that it was ok for them to be soft as was taught by the missionaries. With the judicial system, punishments were just and severe so many of the barbaric acts committed by the Ibo people that were mentioned before were curbed. .u875dd8078230ee89a594ab14e06ef16b , .u875dd8078230ee89a594ab14e06ef16b .postImageUrl , .u875dd8078230ee89a594ab14e06ef16b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u875dd8078230ee89a594ab14e06ef16b , .u875dd8078230ee89a594ab14e06ef16b:hover , .u875dd8078230ee89a594ab14e06ef16b:visited , .u875dd8078230ee89a594ab14e06ef16b:active { border:0!important; } .u875dd8078230ee89a594ab14e06ef16b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u875dd8078230ee89a594ab14e06ef16b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u875dd8078230ee89a594ab14e06ef16b:active , .u875dd8078230ee89a594ab14e06ef16b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u875dd8078230ee89a594ab14e06ef16b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u875dd8078230ee89a594ab14e06ef16b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u875dd8078230ee89a594ab14e06ef16b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u875dd8078230ee89a594ab14e06ef16b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u875dd8078230ee89a594ab14e06ef16b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u875dd8078230ee89a594ab14e06ef16b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u875dd8078230ee89a594ab14e06ef16b .u875dd8078230ee89a594ab14e06ef16b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u875dd8078230ee89a594ab14e06ef16b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Initial parts of the novel EssayChristianity taught them to love and respect one another and even though there were not many converts at first, the beliefs definitely rubbed off on them. When Okonkwo came back from exile, he was still the hard ruthless man he always was. He saw that his society had changed but he had not and he had much animosity against them. He felt they had become like women and he saw this especially when he killed the messenger and no one prevented the other messengers from escaping. Okonkwo killed himself because he did not want to die at the hands of the people he despised the most. Okonkwo was the last of that which was strongly against Christianity and the positive changes. The story of Okonkwo was tragic but it also was a symbolic one. It showed a tragic death but also showed the power of God in bringing change and harmony. I strongly feel that Achebe s purpose in this novel was to show the power of Christianity. Okonkwos society is portrayed as peaceful but then there are hints that show its many faults. Since it is known Achebe received inspiration for the story from the poem by Yeats, we can safely assume that he follows a similar theme. It was clearly shown that the Ibo society was in chaos as far as their culture and religion and so guidance was needed to bring about a change. This catalyst for change was Christianity, which ended up influencing them to change somewhat and live more loving moral lives with having a greater value for life. Okonkwo was shown to be the final aspect of chaos that was left and with his death that was all gone. It seems after his death there was nothing else stopping the Christians from moving the Ibo people into a civilized frame.